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Add signing hooks for observing signature attempts and implementing restartable signing#1237

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sign_hooks
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Add signing hooks for observing signature attempts and implementing restartable signing#1237
hanno-becker wants to merge 1 commit into
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sign_hooks

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@hanno-becker

@hanno-becker hanno-becker commented Jun 28, 2026

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sign: Add configurable signing hooks (resume/attempt/finish)

The runtime of ML-DSA signatures is theoretically unbounded. Even the
bound of max 814 signature attempts -- approved by NIST as lowering the
chance of signing failure below 2^{-256} -- leaves a performance distribution
whose peak percentiles can be unacceptable for constrained systems with
strict timing requirements.

As a remedy, the library already provides a configuration option
MLD_CONFIG_MAX_SIGNING_ATTEMPTS to limit the number of signing attempts.
However, FIPS 204 explicitly forbids lowering the number of signing attempts
below 814, rendering the use of this option in constrained environments
non-compliant.

As a remedy, this commit introduces a facility for _restartable signing_:
In addition to using MLD_CONFIG_MAX_SIGNING_ATTEMPTS, the user can provide
a custom hook for remembering the last signing attempt, and continuing the
next signing call at that point.

More specifically, the idea is to introduce three 'signing hooks'
into the core signature routine:
- `nonce = sign_resume()`: Return the nonce corresponding to the next
  signing attempt. `0` for an initial / non-restartable signing
  operation.
- `sign_attempt(nonce)`: Note the nonce for the next signing attempt.
- `sign_finish(nonce)`: Note the nonce for which signing succeeded.

Here, only `sign_resume()` affects the signing process functionally,
while `sign_attempt()` and `sign_finish()` are passive logging operations.

This approach to restartable signing only works if the consumer works
directly with the internal signing API. If they use the randomized API,
a fresh seed would be chosen even on supposedly restarted signing operations,
leading to non-compliant signatures. The use of a `sign_resume()` hook
is therefore only safe with MLD_CONFIG_NO_RANDOMIZED_API.

In contrast, `sign_attempt` and `sign_finish` are passive, and can safely
be used on their own with any configuration. Indeed, these hooks serve
other uses outside of restartable signing:
- sign_attempt can be used to get finer-grained benchmarks for individual
  signing attempts
- sign_finish can be used to log the number of signing attempts, which
  can be useful again for benchmarking, or for checking the expected
  distribution of signing attempts.

Finally, sign_{resume|attempt|finish} can all be implemented based on
mutable globals, or based on a context. It therefore makes sense to
introduce them under the existing MLD_CONFIG_CONTEXT_PARAMETER
wrapper, which allows functions to be called with or without an
application-specific context pointer.

Taking all these considerations together, here's what the commit changes:

- Add independent MLD_CONFIG_SIGN_HOOK_{RESUME|FINISH|ATTEMPT} configuration
  options for registering signing hooks as above. When set, the user provides
  the following functions, respectively:

  - `nonce = mld_sign_resume([ctx])`: Provide initial or resuming nonce
  - `mld_sign_attempt(nonce [, ctx])`: Log/remember nonce for next attempt
  - `mld_sign_finish(nonce [, ctx])`: Log/remember nonce for successful attempt

- The option can be used with or without MLD_CONFIG_CONTEXT_PARAMETER. If the
  latter is set, the user-provided context will be passed to `mld_sign_xxx`
  as the last argument.

- An example is added illustrating the use of the hooks to implement restartable
  signing.

Note: A consumer might want to use restartable signing with randomized APIs.
This is not natively supported. However, it is expected to be easily implementable
since the components required to build randomized signing from deterministic
signing are all public. Note that resuming additionally requires the consumer
to hold the signing randomness `rnd` fixed across the resumed calls.

@hanno-becker hanno-becker changed the title Sign hooks Add signing hooks for observing signature attempts and implementing restartable signing Jun 28, 2026
@hanno-becker hanno-becker changed the title Add signing hooks for observing signature attempts and implementing restartable signing [WIP] Add signing hooks for observing signature attempts and implementing restartable signing Jun 28, 2026
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oqs-bot commented Jun 28, 2026

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-44, REDUCE-RAM)

Full Results (206 proofs)
Proof Status Current Previous Change
**TOTAL** 1363s 1398s -2.5%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec 137s 144s -5%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_c 117s 118s -1%
mld_invntt_layer 98s 110s -11%
polyveck_chknorm 59s 65s -9%
sign_verify_internal 49s 53s -8%
fqmul 43s 40s +7%
mld_ntt_layer 43s 44s -2%
mld_attempt_signature_generation 28s 24s +17%
keccakf1600x4_permute_native 22s 21s +5%
mld_ntt_butterfly_block 21s 22s -5%
poly_ntt_c 21s 21s +0%
mld_check_pct 15s 10s +50%
polyeta_unpack 13s 13s +0%
polyt0_unpack 13s 13s +0%
rej_uniform_c 13s 18s -28%
compute_pack_t0_t1 12s 11s +9%
poly_chknorm_c 12s 11s +9%
poly_invntt_tomont_c 12s 12s +0%
poly_uniform_eta_4x 11s 14s -21%
polyvecl_chknorm 9s 11s -18%
rej_uniform 9s 8s +12%
keccak_absorb_once_x4 8s 10s -20%
polyz_unpack_c 7s 9s -22%
sign_signature_extmu 7s 4s +75%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64 6s 3s +100%
mld_compute_pack_z 6s 7s -14%
mld_keccakf1600_permute_c 6s 5s +20%
mld_sample_s1_s2 6s 3s +100%
mld_sample_s1_s2_serial 6s 4s +50%
poly_add 6s 5s +20%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row 6s 8s -25%
polyveck_decompose 6s 8s -25%
rej_eta_native 6s 5s +20%
sign_pk_from_sk 6s 7s -14%
sign_signature 6s 3s +100%
sign_signature_pre_hash_internal 6s 6s +0%
fqscale 5s 3s +67%
keccak_absorb 5s 3s +67%
keccak_finalize 5s 6s -17%
ntt_native_aarch64 5s 3s +67%
poly_caddq_native 5s 4s +25%
poly_challenge 5s 2s +150%
poly_decompose 5s 3s +67%
poly_decompose_c 5s 6s -17%
poly_ntt_native 5s 4s +25%
poly_reduce 5s 6s -17%
poly_uniform 5s 6s -17%
polyveck_reduce 5s 6s -17%
polyvecl_ntt 5s 3s +67%
rej_uniform_native 5s 6s -17%
sign_keypair 5s 3s +67%
sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256 5s 3s +67%
sk_s2hat_get_poly 5s 2s +150%
decompose 4s 3s +33%
intt_native_aarch64 4s 4s +0%
keccak_init 4s 2s +100%
keccak_squeezeblocks_x4 4s 5s -20%
keccakf1600_permute_native 4s 2s +100%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes 4s 2s +100%
mld_polymat_expand_entry 4s 2s +100%
mld_value_barrier_u32 4s 3s +33%
mld_value_barrier_u8 4s 3s +33%
pointwise_acc_native_aarch64 4s 6s -33%
pointwise_acc_native_x86_64 4s 7s -43%
pointwise_native_aarch64 4s 4s +0%
poly_caddq_c 4s 3s +33%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native 4s 2s +100%
poly_power2round 4s 5s -20%
poly_shiftl 4s 3s +33%
poly_uniform_gamma1_4x 4s 3s +33%
poly_use_hint_c 4s 3s +33%
poly_use_hint_native_aarch64 4s 5s -20%
polyt1_pack 4s 1s +300%
polyvec_matrix_expand_serial 4s 2s +100%
polyveck_caddq 4s 4s +0%
polyveck_pack_eta 4s 4s +0%
polyveck_pack_w1 4s 3s +33%
polyveck_unpack_eta 4s 4s +0%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c 4s 4s +0%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1 4s 3s +33%
polyz_unpack_native 4s 2s +100%
rej_uniform_eta_native_aarch64 4s 3s +33%
shake256_finalize 4s 2s +100%
shake256_squeeze 4s 2s +100%
sig_unpack_hints 4s 3s +33%
sign_signature_internal 4s 3s +33%
sign_verify 4s 5s -20%
sign_verify_extmu 4s 3s +33%
sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256 4s 3s +33%
sk_t0hat_get_poly 4s 2s +100%
unpack_sk 4s 2s +100%
yvec_get_poly 4s 4s +0%
intt_native_x86_64 3s 3s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid 3s 3s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2 3s 3s +0%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes 3s 3s +0%
keccakf1600x4_permute 3s 2s +50%
make_hint 3s 3s +0%
mld_ct_abs_i32 3s 1s +200%
mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32 3s 4s -25%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8 3s 2s +50%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64 3s 4s -25%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32 3s 1s +200%
mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes 3s 3s +0%
mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c 3s 3s +0%
mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix 3s 5s -40%
mld_sign_finish 3s - new
mld_value_barrier_i64 3s 3s +0%
montgomery_reduce 3s 4s -25%
ntt_native_x86_64 3s 4s -25%
nttunpack_native_x86_64 3s 3s +0%
pack_sig_c 3s 3s +0%
pack_sig_h 3s 6s -50%
pack_sk_rho_key_tr_s2 3s 4s -25%
poly_caddq_native_aarch64 3s 2s +50%
poly_chknorm_native_aarch64 3s 3s +0%
poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64 3s 2s +50%
poly_decompose_native 3s 4s -25%
poly_invntt_tomont 3s 3s +0%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional 3s 3s +0%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_native 3s 2s +50%
poly_uniform_eta 3s 3s +0%
polyeta_pack 3s 1s +200%
polyt0_pack 3s 3s +0%
polyt1_unpack 3s 4s -25%
polyvec_matrix_expand 3s 4s -25%
polyveck_invntt_tomont 3s 5s -40%
polyvecl_pack_eta 3s 3s +0%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial 3s 3s +0%
polyvecl_unpack_eta 3s 2s +50%
polyvecl_unpack_z 3s 4s -25%
polyz_pack 3s 2s +50%
polyz_unpack 3s 4s -25%
polyz_unpack_native_x86_64 3s 4s -25%
reduce32 3s 4s -25%
rej_eta_c 3s 3s +0%
shake128_absorb 3s 4s -25%
shake128_squeeze 3s 3s +0%
shake256_release 3s 2s +50%
shake256x4_squeezeblocks 3s 2s +50%
sign_keypair_internal 3s 3s +0%
sign_verify_pre_hash_internal 3s 5s -40%
sk_s1hat_get_poly 3s 5s -40%
unpack_pk_t1 3s 3s +0%
unpack_sk_s1hat 3s 2s +50%
use_hint 3s 2s +50%
yvec_init 3s 2s +50%
caddq 2s 1s +100%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a 2s 2s +0%
keccak_squeeze 2s 5s -60%
keccakf1600_permute 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native 2s 3s -33%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32 2s 1s +100%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8 2s 4s -50%
mld_ct_memcmp 2s 4s -50%
mld_h 2s 7s -71%
mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c 2s 3s -33%
mld_sign_attempt 2s - new
mld_sign_resume 2s - new
pack_sig_z 2s 3s -33%
pack_sk_s1 2s 2s +0%
pointwise_native_x86_64 2s 2s +0%
poly_caddq 2s 3s -33%
poly_caddq_native_x86_64 2s 3s -33%
poly_chknorm 2s 4s -50%
poly_chknorm_native 2s 2s +0%
poly_chknorm_native_x86_64 2s 4s -50%
poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64 2s 4s -50%
poly_invntt_tomont_native 2s 4s -50%
poly_ntt 2s 3s -33%
poly_sub 2s 4s -50%
poly_use_hint_native 2s 3s -33%
polyveck_ntt 2s 2s +0%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery 2s 3s -33%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native 2s 4s -50%
polyw1_pack 2s 3s -33%
polyw1_pack_88 2s 2s +0%
polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
power2round 2s 3s -33%
rej_eta 2s 2s +0%
rej_uniform_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
shake128_finalize 2s 5s -60%
shake128_init 2s 1s +100%
shake128_release 2s 3s -33%
shake128x4_absorb_once 2s 2s +0%
shake128x4_squeezeblocks 2s 2s +0%
shake256 2s 2s +0%
shake256_init 2s 1s +100%
shake256x4_absorb_once 2s 3s -33%
sys_check_capability 2s 4s -50%
unpack_sk_s2hat 2s 1s +100%
unpack_sk_t0hat 2s 2s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a 1s 3s -67%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid 1s 2s -50%
keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian) 1s 2s -50%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian) 1s 2s -50%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native 1s 2s -50%
mld_ct_sel_int32 1s 3s -67%
poly_pointwise_montgomery 1s 4s -75%
poly_uniform_4x 1s 3s -67%
poly_uniform_gamma1 1s 3s -67%
poly_use_hint 1s 4s -75%
polyw1_pack_32 1s 4s -75%
shake256_absorb 1s 4s -75%

@oqs-bot

oqs-bot commented Jun 28, 2026

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-65)

⚠️ Attention Required

Proof Status Current Previous Change
mld_attempt_signature_generation ⚠️ 79s 50s +58%
Full Results (206 proofs)
Proof Status Current Previous Change
**TOTAL** 1881s 1869s +0.6%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c 227s 246s -8%
sign_verify_internal 177s 180s -2%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_c 128s 131s -2%
mld_invntt_layer 115s 111s +4%
polyvec_matrix_expand 109s 111s -2%
mld_attempt_signature_generation ⚠️ 79s 50s +58%
sign_signature_internal 64s 54s +19%
mld_ntt_layer 44s 46s -4%
fqmul 39s 41s -5%
polyvec_matrix_expand_serial 28s 28s +0%
keccakf1600x4_permute_native 22s 24s -8%
mld_ntt_butterfly_block 22s 21s +5%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec 21s 20s +5%
poly_ntt_c 18s 20s -10%
rej_uniform_c 17s 15s +13%
compute_pack_t0_t1 15s 12s +25%
polyt0_unpack 15s 16s -6%
rej_uniform 15s 16s -6%
polyveck_decompose 14s 12s +17%
poly_chknorm_c 13s 14s -7%
poly_uniform_4x 13s 14s -7%
polyz_unpack_c 13s 11s +18%
poly_uniform_eta_4x 12s 12s +0%
mld_check_pct 11s 15s -27%
poly_invntt_tomont_c 11s 12s -8%
keccak_absorb_once_x4 8s 9s -11%
mld_compute_pack_z 8s 7s +14%
mld_keccakf1600_permute_c 8s 8s +0%
poly_add 8s 8s +0%
polyveck_invntt_tomont 8s 10s -20%
poly_decompose_c 7s 5s +40%
polyveck_ntt 7s 7s +0%
unpack_sk_t0hat 7s 5s +40%
mld_sample_s1_s2 6s 6s +0%
ntt_native_x86_64 6s 3s +100%
pointwise_acc_native_x86_64 6s 8s -25%
poly_use_hint_c 6s 6s +0%
polyveck_caddq 6s 7s -14%
polyveck_pack_w1 6s 2s +200%
polyvecl_ntt 6s 3s +100%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native 6s 4s +50%
keccak_init 5s 3s +67%
keccak_squeezeblocks_x4 5s 6s -17%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native 5s 3s +67%
make_hint 5s 4s +25%
mld_ct_memcmp 5s 2s +150%
mld_h 5s 4s +25%
ntt_native_aarch64 5s 4s +25%
pointwise_acc_native_aarch64 5s 7s -29%
pointwise_native_aarch64 5s 1s +400%
poly_caddq_c 5s 2s +150%
poly_decompose_native 5s 3s +67%
poly_invntt_tomont_native 5s 3s +67%
poly_reduce 5s 2s +150%
polyeta_pack 5s 2s +150%
polyeta_unpack 5s 7s -29%
polyt0_pack 5s 4s +25%
polyt1_unpack 5s 4s +25%
polyveck_chknorm 5s 6s -17%
polyveck_unpack_eta 5s 3s +67%
polyw1_pack_32 5s 2s +150%
rej_eta_native 5s 4s +25%
rej_uniform_native 5s 6s -17%
sign_keypair 5s 4s +25%
sign_signature_extmu 5s 6s -17%
sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256 5s 6s -17%
sign_verify_extmu 5s 4s +25%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a 4s 4s +0%
mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix 4s 3s +33%
mld_sign_attempt 4s - new
montgomery_reduce 4s 2s +100%
nttunpack_native_x86_64 4s 3s +33%
pack_sig_c 4s 3s +33%
pack_sig_h 4s 2s +100%
pack_sig_z 4s 2s +100%
pack_sk_rho_key_tr_s2 4s 3s +33%
poly_caddq 4s 3s +33%
poly_challenge 4s 5s -20%
poly_chknorm_native 4s 4s +0%
poly_chknorm_native_aarch64 4s 6s -33%
poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64 4s 5s -20%
poly_ntt_native 4s 3s +33%
poly_shiftl 4s 4s +0%
poly_uniform 4s 4s +0%
poly_use_hint_native 4s 1s +300%
polyvecl_chknorm 4s 7s -43%
polyvecl_unpack_eta 4s 1s +300%
polyz_pack 4s 3s +33%
polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64 4s 4s +0%
reduce32 4s 5s -20%
rej_uniform_eta_native_aarch64 4s 3s +33%
rej_uniform_native_aarch64 4s 3s +33%
shake128_init 4s 4s +0%
shake256_init 4s 2s +100%
sig_unpack_hints 4s 5s -20%
sign_pk_from_sk 4s 5s -20%
sign_signature 4s 4s +0%
sign_verify_pre_hash_internal 4s 4s +0%
sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256 4s 3s +33%
unpack_sk 4s 6s -33%
decompose 3s 2s +50%
intt_native_aarch64 3s 2s +50%
intt_native_x86_64 3s 5s -40%
keccak_absorb 3s 4s -25%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid 3s 3s +0%
keccak_finalize 3s 2s +50%
keccak_squeeze 3s 2s +50%
keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian) 3s 3s +0%
keccakf1600_permute_native 3s 1s +200%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes 3s 4s -25%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes 3s 2s +50%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native 3s 1s +200%
keccakf1600x4_permute 3s 5s -40%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes 3s 3s +0%
mld_ct_abs_i32 3s 2s +50%
mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32 3s 3s +0%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32 3s 2s +50%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64 3s 1s +200%
mld_ct_sel_int32 3s 2s +50%
mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c 3s 2s +50%
mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c 3s 2s +50%
mld_polymat_expand_entry 3s 4s -25%
mld_sample_s1_s2_serial 3s 6s -50%
mld_sign_finish 3s - new
mld_value_barrier_u8 3s 1s +200%
pack_sk_s1 3s 2s +50%
poly_caddq_native 3s 2s +50%
poly_caddq_native_aarch64 3s 4s -25%
poly_caddq_native_x86_64 3s 5s -40%
poly_chknorm 3s 2s +50%
poly_chknorm_native_x86_64 3s 5s -40%
poly_decompose 3s 3s +0%
poly_invntt_tomont 3s 3s +0%
poly_ntt 3s 3s +0%
poly_pointwise_montgomery 3s 4s -25%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_native 3s 4s -25%
poly_power2round 3s 4s -25%
poly_sub 3s 4s -25%
poly_uniform_eta 3s 3s +0%
poly_uniform_gamma1 3s 3s +0%
poly_use_hint 3s 2s +50%
poly_use_hint_native_aarch64 3s 3s +0%
polyt1_pack 3s 4s -25%
polyveck_pack_eta 3s 4s -25%
polyveck_reduce 3s 2s +50%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery 3s 4s -25%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1 3s 4s -25%
polyw1_pack_88 3s 4s -25%
polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64 3s 3s +0%
polyz_unpack_native_x86_64 3s 3s +0%
power2round 3s 3s +0%
rej_eta_c 3s 2s +50%
shake128_finalize 3s 3s +0%
shake128_squeeze 3s 2s +50%
shake128x4_squeezeblocks 3s 3s +0%
shake256_squeeze 3s 1s +200%
sign_keypair_internal 3s 5s -40%
sign_signature_pre_hash_internal 3s 3s +0%
sk_s1hat_get_poly 3s 3s +0%
sys_check_capability 3s 3s +0%
unpack_pk_t1 3s 5s -40%
unpack_sk_s1hat 3s 5s -40%
unpack_sk_s2hat 3s 3s +0%
use_hint 3s 5s -40%
yvec_get_poly 3s 5s -40%
caddq 2s 3s -33%
fqscale 2s 4s -50%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64 2s 2s +0%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a 2s 2s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid 2s 3s -33%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600_permute 2s 3s -33%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8 2s 3s -33%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32 2s 5s -60%
mld_sign_resume 2s - new
mld_value_barrier_u32 2s 3s -33%
pointwise_native_x86_64 2s 3s -33%
poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64 2s 4s -50%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional 2s 4s -50%
poly_uniform_gamma1_4x 2s 5s -60%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row 2s 3s -33%
polyvecl_pack_eta 2s 4s -50%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial 2s 3s -33%
polyvecl_unpack_z 2s 5s -60%
polyw1_pack 2s 4s -50%
polyz_unpack 2s 2s +0%
polyz_unpack_native 2s 2s +0%
rej_eta 2s 2s +0%
shake128_absorb 2s 3s -33%
shake128_release 2s 1s +100%
shake256_absorb 2s 4s -50%
shake256_finalize 2s 2s +0%
shake256x4_absorb_once 2s 2s +0%
shake256x4_squeezeblocks 2s 3s -33%
sign_verify 2s 8s -75%
sk_t0hat_get_poly 2s 3s -33%
yvec_init 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian) 1s 2s -50%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8 1s 3s -67%
mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes 1s 3s -67%
mld_value_barrier_i64 1s 2s -50%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native 1s 3s -67%
shake128x4_absorb_once 1s 3s -67%
shake256 1s 2s -50%
shake256_release 1s 2s -50%
sk_s2hat_get_poly 1s 3s -67%

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oqs-bot commented Jun 28, 2026

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-44)

Full Results (206 proofs)
Proof Status Current Previous Change
**TOTAL** 1580s 1686s -6.3%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c 142s 175s -19%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_c 133s 147s -10%
sign_verify_internal 121s 130s -7%
mld_invntt_layer 112s 123s -9%
compute_pack_t0_t1 51s 55s -7%
mld_attempt_signature_generation 44s 54s -19%
mld_ntt_layer 44s 47s -6%
fqmul 41s 46s -11%
polyvec_matrix_expand 29s 30s -3%
keccakf1600x4_permute_native 22s 21s +5%
mld_ntt_butterfly_block 22s 25s -12%
sign_signature_internal 22s 20s +10%
poly_ntt_c 18s 21s -14%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec 18s 18s +0%
polyeta_unpack 16s 18s -11%
polyt0_unpack 16s 15s +7%
rej_uniform_c 16s 18s -11%
rej_uniform 15s 18s -17%
mld_check_pct 14s 15s -7%
poly_chknorm_c 14s 17s -18%
poly_uniform_4x 13s 13s +0%
mld_keccakf1600_permute_c 10s 7s +43%
poly_invntt_tomont_c 10s 12s -17%
polyz_unpack_c 10s 11s -9%
keccak_absorb_once_x4 9s 9s +0%
poly_uniform_eta_4x 9s 13s -31%
polyvecl_chknorm 9s 12s -25%
polyvec_matrix_expand_serial 7s 8s -12%
sign_signature 7s 2s +250%
sign_signature_extmu 7s 6s +17%
sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256 7s 6s +17%
caddq 6s 2s +200%
keccak_absorb 6s 3s +100%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes 6s 1s +500%
mld_compute_pack_z 6s 7s -14%
pointwise_acc_native_aarch64 6s 8s -25%
poly_add 6s 9s -33%
poly_uniform 6s 4s +50%
polyveck_invntt_tomont 6s 4s +50%
polyw1_pack_32 6s 4s +50%
intt_native_x86_64 5s 3s +67%
make_hint 5s 3s +67%
mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix 5s 4s +25%
pointwise_acc_native_x86_64 5s 6s -17%
poly_caddq_native_x86_64 5s 2s +150%
poly_challenge 5s 4s +25%
poly_chknorm 5s 5s +0%
poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64 5s 5s +0%
poly_decompose_c 5s 6s -17%
poly_invntt_tomont 5s 5s +0%
polyt0_pack 5s 5s +0%
polyt1_unpack 5s 4s +25%
polyveck_caddq 5s 7s -29%
polyveck_decompose 5s 6s -17%
polyveck_reduce 5s 3s +67%
polyvecl_unpack_eta 5s 2s +150%
rej_eta_native 5s 5s +0%
rej_uniform_native 5s 6s -17%
shake128x4_squeezeblocks 5s 2s +150%
shake256 5s 3s +67%
shake256_finalize 5s 2s +150%
sign_signature_pre_hash_internal 5s 5s +0%
sign_verify 5s 3s +67%
sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256 5s 4s +25%
sys_check_capability 5s 3s +67%
keccak_init 4s 2s +100%
keccak_squeezeblocks_x4 4s 5s -20%
keccakf1600_permute_native 4s 3s +33%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32 4s 3s +33%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8 4s 4s +0%
mld_polymat_expand_entry 4s 3s +33%
mld_sample_s1_s2 4s 5s -20%
mld_sample_s1_s2_serial 4s 4s +0%
montgomery_reduce 4s 2s +100%
ntt_native_aarch64 4s 4s +0%
pointwise_native_aarch64 4s 5s -20%
poly_chknorm_native 4s 2s +100%
poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64 4s 3s +33%
poly_pointwise_montgomery 4s 4s +0%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_native 4s 3s +33%
poly_power2round 4s 4s +0%
poly_uniform_gamma1 4s 2s +100%
polyeta_pack 4s 3s +33%
polyt1_pack 4s 2s +100%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row 4s 3s +33%
polyveck_chknorm 4s 3s +33%
rej_eta 4s 3s +33%
shake128x4_absorb_once 4s 2s +100%
shake256_release 4s 1s +300%
shake256x4_squeezeblocks 4s 2s +100%
sig_unpack_hints 4s 3s +33%
sign_keypair 4s 6s -33%
sign_keypair_internal 4s 7s -43%
sign_pk_from_sk 4s 3s +33%
unpack_pk_t1 4s 3s +33%
unpack_sk_t0hat 4s 4s +0%
yvec_get_poly 4s 3s +33%
decompose 3s 3s +0%
fqscale 3s 3s +0%
intt_native_aarch64 3s 3s +0%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64 3s 2s +50%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid 3s 1s +200%
keccak_finalize 3s 3s +0%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian) 3s 4s -25%
mld_ct_abs_i32 3s 4s -25%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32 3s 3s +0%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8 3s 1s +200%
mld_sign_attempt 3s - new
mld_sign_finish 3s - new
mld_sign_resume 3s - new
mld_value_barrier_u32 3s 2s +50%
mld_value_barrier_u8 3s 3s +0%
pack_sig_c 3s 4s -25%
pack_sig_h 3s 1s +200%
pack_sk_rho_key_tr_s2 3s 2s +50%
pack_sk_s1 3s 3s +0%
pointwise_native_x86_64 3s 5s -40%
poly_caddq 3s 1s +200%
poly_caddq_c 3s 2s +50%
poly_caddq_native_aarch64 3s 5s -40%
poly_chknorm_native_aarch64 3s 3s +0%
poly_chknorm_native_x86_64 3s 4s -25%
poly_decompose 3s 2s +50%
poly_invntt_tomont_native 3s 2s +50%
poly_ntt_native 3s 4s -25%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native 3s 3s +0%
poly_reduce 3s 5s -40%
poly_shiftl 3s 5s -40%
poly_sub 3s 4s -25%
poly_uniform_eta 3s 4s -25%
poly_uniform_gamma1_4x 3s 4s -25%
poly_use_hint_native_aarch64 3s 4s -25%
polyveck_ntt 3s 6s -50%
polyveck_pack_eta 3s 2s +50%
polyveck_pack_w1 3s 2s +50%
polyvecl_ntt 3s 5s -40%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery 3s 2s +50%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native 3s 4s -25%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1 3s 2s +50%
polyvecl_unpack_z 3s 3s +0%
polyw1_pack_88 3s 2s +50%
polyz_unpack 3s 3s +0%
polyz_unpack_native 3s 2s +50%
reduce32 3s 3s +0%
shake128_init 3s 4s -25%
shake256_init 3s 2s +50%
sign_verify_extmu 3s 3s +0%
sign_verify_pre_hash_internal 3s 5s -40%
sk_s1hat_get_poly 3s 2s +50%
sk_t0hat_get_poly 3s 5s -40%
unpack_sk 3s 4s -25%
unpack_sk_s1hat 3s 3s +0%
use_hint 3s 2s +50%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a 2s 3s -33%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid 2s 2s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2 2s 3s -33%
keccak_squeeze 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600x4_permute 2s 3s -33%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_memcmp 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_sel_int32 2s 2s +0%
mld_h 2s 2s +0%
mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c 2s 4s -50%
mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c 2s 4s -50%
mld_value_barrier_i64 2s 4s -50%
ntt_native_x86_64 2s 3s -33%
nttunpack_native_x86_64 2s 4s -50%
pack_sig_z 2s 6s -67%
poly_caddq_native 2s 5s -60%
poly_decompose_native 2s 2s +0%
poly_ntt 2s 4s -50%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional 2s 3s -33%
poly_use_hint 2s 3s -33%
poly_use_hint_c 2s 3s -33%
poly_use_hint_native 2s 2s +0%
polyveck_unpack_eta 2s 3s -33%
polyvecl_pack_eta 2s 2s +0%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial 2s 3s -33%
polyw1_pack 2s 1s +100%
polyz_pack 2s 4s -50%
polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64 2s 2s +0%
polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64 2s 4s -50%
polyz_unpack_native_x86_64 2s 2s +0%
power2round 2s 4s -50%
rej_eta_c 2s 6s -67%
rej_uniform_eta_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
rej_uniform_native_aarch64 2s 4s -50%
shake128_finalize 2s 2s +0%
shake128_release 2s 3s -33%
shake128_squeeze 2s 2s +0%
shake256_squeeze 2s 4s -50%
shake256x4_absorb_once 2s 1s +100%
sk_s2hat_get_poly 2s 3s -33%
unpack_sk_s2hat 2s 4s -50%
yvec_init 2s 2s +0%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a 1s 2s -50%
keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian) 1s 2s -50%
keccakf1600_permute 1s 3s -67%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes 1s 3s -67%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native 1s 4s -75%
mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32 1s 2s -50%
mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes 1s 2s -50%
shake128_absorb 1s 4s -75%
shake256_absorb 1s 3s -67%

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oqs-bot commented Jun 28, 2026

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-87)

⚠️ Attention Required

Proof Status Current Previous Change
sign_signature_internal ⚠️ 64s 28s +129%
Full Results (206 proofs)
Proof Status Current Previous Change
**TOTAL** 2076s 2219s -6.4%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c 333s 376s -11%
polyvec_matrix_expand 294s 326s -10%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_c 126s 140s -10%
mld_invntt_layer 115s 116s -1%
sign_verify_internal 96s 101s -5%
sign_signature_internal ⚠️ 64s 28s +129%
mld_attempt_signature_generation 53s 122s -57%
mld_ntt_layer 43s 43s +0%
fqmul 41s 42s -2%
polyvec_matrix_expand_serial 36s 37s -3%
mld_ntt_butterfly_block 23s 24s -4%
keccakf1600x4_permute_native 21s 23s -9%
poly_ntt_c 19s 20s -5%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec 19s 17s +12%
compute_pack_t0_t1 17s 17s +0%
mld_check_pct 16s 15s +7%
poly_chknorm_c 15s 16s -6%
polyeta_unpack 15s 17s -12%
polyt0_unpack 15s 18s -17%
rej_uniform 14s 18s -22%
rej_uniform_c 14s 14s +0%
poly_uniform_4x 13s 12s +8%
poly_uniform_eta_4x 12s 13s -8%
keccak_absorb_once_x4 11s 10s +10%
mld_compute_pack_z 10s 10s +0%
poly_invntt_tomont_c 10s 14s -29%
polyveck_decompose 10s 11s -9%
pointwise_acc_native_x86_64 9s 8s +12%
poly_add 8s 10s -20%
polyveck_caddq 8s 7s +14%
polyvecl_ntt 8s 7s +14%
mld_keccakf1600_permute_c 7s 5s +40%
poly_uniform_gamma1_4x 7s 4s +75%
poly_use_hint_c 7s 3s +133%
polyveck_invntt_tomont 7s 5s +40%
polyveck_ntt 7s 9s -22%
rej_eta_c 7s 4s +75%
unpack_sk_t0hat 7s 7s +0%
mld_sample_s1_s2_serial 6s 5s +20%
pack_sig_z 6s 2s +200%
pointwise_acc_native_aarch64 6s 7s -14%
poly_power2round 6s 2s +200%
polyt1_unpack 6s 5s +20%
polyz_unpack_native 6s 3s +100%
rej_uniform_native 6s 5s +20%
sign_keypair 6s 5s +20%
sign_keypair_internal 6s 5s +20%
intt_native_aarch64 5s 3s +67%
mld_ct_abs_i32 5s 2s +150%
mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix 5s 3s +67%
mld_sample_s1_s2 5s 8s -38%
montgomery_reduce 5s 5s +0%
pointwise_native_aarch64 5s 3s +67%
poly_challenge 5s 3s +67%
poly_decompose_c 5s 4s +25%
poly_uniform 5s 5s +0%
polyt0_pack 5s 5s +0%
polyt1_pack 5s 2s +150%
polyveck_chknorm 5s 5s +0%
polyvecl_chknorm 5s 4s +25%
polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64 5s 2s +150%
rej_eta 5s 5s +0%
rej_eta_native 5s 6s -17%
sign_pk_from_sk 5s 9s -44%
sign_signature_pre_hash_internal 5s 6s -17%
sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256 5s 6s -17%
sign_verify_pre_hash_internal 5s 3s +67%
sys_check_capability 5s 4s +25%
keccak_absorb 4s 4s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid 4s 4s +0%
keccakf1600_permute 4s 3s +33%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes 4s 4s +0%
mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32 4s 3s +33%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8 4s 1s +300%
mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes 4s 2s +100%
mld_sign_attempt 4s - new
mld_sign_finish 4s - new
mld_sign_resume 4s - new
ntt_native_x86_64 4s 4s +0%
pack_sig_c 4s 5s -20%
pack_sig_h 4s 3s +33%
pack_sk_s1 4s 2s +100%
poly_caddq_c 4s 3s +33%
poly_caddq_native_x86_64 4s 4s +0%
poly_chknorm_native 4s 4s +0%
poly_decompose_native 4s 3s +33%
poly_invntt_tomont_native 4s 3s +33%
poly_ntt_native 4s 4s +0%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_native 4s 2s +100%
poly_shiftl 4s 4s +0%
poly_uniform_gamma1 4s 3s +33%
polyveck_pack_w1 4s 2s +100%
polyveck_reduce 4s 3s +33%
polyvecl_pack_eta 4s 4s +0%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery 4s 3s +33%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native 4s 4s +0%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1 4s 3s +33%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial 4s 2s +100%
polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64 4s 3s +33%
power2round 4s 3s +33%
shake256_absorb 4s 2s +100%
shake256x4_absorb_once 4s 2s +100%
sk_s1hat_get_poly 4s 4s +0%
sk_s2hat_get_poly 4s 2s +100%
sk_t0hat_get_poly 4s 2s +100%
unpack_sk_s1hat 4s 4s +0%
use_hint 4s 2s +100%
fqscale 3s 4s -25%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64 3s 3s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid 3s 2s +50%
keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian) 3s 2s +50%
keccakf1600_permute_native 3s 2s +50%
keccakf1600x4_permute 3s 2s +50%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes 3s 3s +0%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32 3s 4s -25%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8 3s 3s +0%
mld_ct_memcmp 3s 2s +50%
mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c 3s 4s -25%
mld_value_barrier_u32 3s 4s -25%
mld_value_barrier_u8 3s 3s +0%
nttunpack_native_x86_64 3s 5s -40%
pointwise_native_x86_64 3s 4s -25%
poly_caddq_native_aarch64 3s 5s -40%
poly_chknorm_native_x86_64 3s 3s +0%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native 3s 2s +50%
poly_reduce 3s 4s -25%
poly_sub 3s 2s +50%
poly_uniform_eta 3s 5s -40%
poly_use_hint_native_aarch64 3s 6s -50%
polyveck_pack_eta 3s 5s -40%
polyveck_unpack_eta 3s 3s +0%
polyvecl_unpack_eta 3s 4s -25%
polyvecl_unpack_z 3s 7s -57%
polyw1_pack_32 3s 4s -25%
polyz_pack 3s 2s +50%
polyz_unpack 3s 4s -25%
polyz_unpack_c 3s 2s +50%
rej_uniform_eta_native_aarch64 3s 3s +0%
shake128_finalize 3s 1s +200%
shake128_init 3s 1s +200%
shake128_release 3s 3s +0%
shake128x4_squeezeblocks 3s 1s +200%
shake256 3s 3s +0%
shake256x4_squeezeblocks 3s 4s -25%
sig_unpack_hints 3s 3s +0%
sign_signature 3s 2s +50%
sign_signature_extmu 3s 3s +0%
sign_verify_extmu 3s 5s -40%
sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256 3s 6s -50%
decompose 2s 4s -50%
intt_native_x86_64 2s 3s -33%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a 2s 5s -60%
keccak_finalize 2s 2s +0%
keccak_init 2s 4s -50%
keccak_squeeze 2s 3s -33%
keccak_squeezeblocks_x4 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian) 2s 1s +100%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native 2s 4s -50%
make_hint 2s 4s -50%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64 2s 4s -50%
mld_h 2s 5s -60%
mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c 2s 3s -33%
mld_polymat_expand_entry 2s 2s +0%
mld_value_barrier_i64 2s 3s -33%
ntt_native_aarch64 2s 2s +0%
pack_sk_rho_key_tr_s2 2s 2s +0%
poly_caddq_native 2s 2s +0%
poly_chknorm 2s 2s +0%
poly_decompose 2s 2s +0%
poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64 2s 4s -50%
poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64 2s 3s -33%
poly_pointwise_montgomery 2s 2s +0%
poly_use_hint 2s 4s -50%
poly_use_hint_native 2s 2s +0%
polyeta_pack 2s 4s -50%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row 2s 3s -33%
polyw1_pack_88 2s 4s -50%
polyz_unpack_native_x86_64 2s 3s -33%
reduce32 2s 3s -33%
rej_uniform_native_aarch64 2s 2s +0%
shake128_absorb 2s 5s -60%
shake128_squeeze 2s 1s +100%
shake256_finalize 2s 2s +0%
shake256_init 2s 1s +100%
sign_verify 2s 4s -50%
unpack_pk_t1 2s 3s -33%
unpack_sk 2s 3s -33%
unpack_sk_s2hat 2s 3s -33%
yvec_get_poly 2s 4s -50%
caddq 1s 3s -67%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a 1s 2s -50%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2 1s 3s -67%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native 1s 2s -50%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32 1s 3s -67%
mld_ct_sel_int32 1s 2s -50%
poly_caddq 1s 4s -75%
poly_chknorm_native_aarch64 1s 3s -67%
poly_invntt_tomont 1s 1s +0%
poly_ntt 1s 4s -75%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional 1s 2s -50%
polyw1_pack 1s 3s -67%
shake128x4_absorb_once 1s 4s -75%
shake256_release 1s 2s -50%
shake256_squeeze 1s 3s -67%
yvec_init 1s 5s -80%

@hanno-becker hanno-becker force-pushed the sign_hooks branch 3 times, most recently from ba5df63 to 004fcc0 Compare June 29, 2026 04:43
@oqs-bot

oqs-bot commented Jun 29, 2026

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-65, REDUCE-RAM)

Full Results (206 proofs)
Proof Status Current Previous Change
**TOTAL** 1447s 1441s +0.4%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec 193s 187s +3%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_c 113s 116s -3%
mld_invntt_layer 101s 99s +2%
sign_verify_internal 66s 72s -8%
mld_ntt_layer 43s 41s +5%
polyvecl_chknorm 42s 41s +2%
fqmul 41s 41s +0%
polyveck_chknorm 32s 32s +0%
mld_attempt_signature_generation 29s 27s +7%
keccakf1600x4_permute_native 22s 23s -4%
mld_ntt_butterfly_block 22s 19s +16%
poly_ntt_c 20s 21s -5%
mld_check_pct 15s 11s +36%
rej_uniform_c 15s 15s +0%
poly_chknorm_c 12s 11s +9%
polyveck_decompose 12s 12s +0%
poly_invntt_tomont_c 11s 12s -8%
polyt0_unpack 11s 14s -21%
poly_uniform_eta_4x 10s 14s -29%
keccak_absorb_once_x4 9s 8s +12%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row 9s 9s +0%
compute_pack_t0_t1 8s 6s +33%
polyveck_caddq 8s 5s +60%
pointwise_acc_native_aarch64 7s 5s +40%
pointwise_acc_native_x86_64 7s 8s -12%
poly_decompose_c 7s 6s +17%
polyveck_invntt_tomont 7s 4s +75%
polyvecl_ntt 7s 6s +17%
polyz_unpack_c 7s 8s -12%
rej_uniform 7s 9s -22%
sign_pk_from_sk 7s 6s +17%
keccak_absorb 6s 3s +100%
mld_compute_pack_z 6s 6s +0%
mld_keccakf1600_permute_c 6s 5s +20%
mld_sample_s1_s2_serial 6s 3s +100%
mld_sign_attempt 6s - new
poly_add 6s 6s +0%
poly_power2round 6s 4s +50%
poly_uniform 6s 3s +100%
sign_signature_internal 6s 5s +20%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2 5s 3s +67%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native 5s 2s +150%
mld_sample_s1_s2 5s 6s -17%
mld_sign_finish 5s - new
poly_chknorm 5s 5s +0%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional 5s 2s +150%
poly_pointwise_montgomery 5s 4s +25%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_native 5s 4s +25%
polyveck_reduce 5s 8s -38%
polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64 5s 5s +0%
rej_uniform_native_aarch64 5s 2s +150%
shake128_absorb 5s 3s +67%
shake128_finalize 5s 2s +150%
shake128_release 5s 3s +67%
shake128_squeeze 5s 4s +25%
sign_keypair_internal 5s 4s +25%
sign_verify 5s 8s -38%
sign_verify_pre_hash_internal 5s 4s +25%
intt_native_x86_64 4s 4s +0%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8 4s 4s +0%
mld_h 4s 2s +100%
mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c 4s 3s +33%
mld_polymat_expand_entry 4s 5s -20%
poly_caddq_c 4s 4s +0%
poly_caddq_native_aarch64 4s 2s +100%
poly_chknorm_native_x86_64 4s 3s +33%
poly_decompose 4s 4s +0%
poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64 4s 3s +33%
poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64 4s 2s +100%
poly_invntt_tomont_native 4s 2s +100%
poly_ntt_native 4s 2s +100%
poly_reduce 4s 5s -20%
poly_sub 4s 3s +33%
poly_uniform_eta 4s 5s -20%
poly_use_hint 4s 2s +100%
polyt1_pack 4s 2s +100%
polyt1_unpack 4s 4s +0%
polyveck_unpack_eta 4s 4s +0%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native 4s 5s -20%
polyw1_pack_32 4s 3s +33%
polyz_pack 4s 3s +33%
polyz_unpack_native_x86_64 4s 2s +100%
rej_uniform_eta_native_aarch64 4s 4s +0%
rej_uniform_native 4s 3s +33%
sign_keypair 4s 5s -20%
sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256 4s 6s -33%
sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256 4s 5s -20%
sys_check_capability 4s 5s -20%
use_hint 4s 4s +0%
decompose 3s 4s -25%
intt_native_aarch64 3s 2s +50%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64 3s 1s +200%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a 3s 2s +50%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a 3s 1s +200%
keccak_squeeze 3s 4s -25%
keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian) 3s 1s +200%
keccakf1600_permute 3s 3s +0%
keccakf1600_permute_native 3s 5s -40%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes 3s 2s +50%
keccakf1600x4_permute 3s 2s +50%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32 3s 4s -25%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32 3s 3s +0%
mld_ct_sel_int32 3s 3s +0%
mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes 3s 1s +200%
mld_sign_resume 3s - new
mld_value_barrier_u32 3s 1s +200%
mld_value_barrier_u8 3s 1s +200%
ntt_native_aarch64 3s 6s -50%
pack_sig_z 3s 2s +50%
pack_sk_rho_key_tr_s2 3s 3s +0%
pointwise_native_aarch64 3s 4s -25%
pointwise_native_x86_64 3s 2s +50%
poly_caddq 3s 2s +50%
poly_caddq_native 3s 3s +0%
poly_caddq_native_x86_64 3s 2s +50%
poly_challenge 3s 3s +0%
poly_chknorm_native 3s 3s +0%
poly_decompose_native 3s 2s +50%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native 3s 5s -40%
poly_uniform_4x 3s 2s +50%
poly_uniform_gamma1 3s 3s +0%
poly_use_hint_native_aarch64 3s 2s +50%
polyeta_unpack 3s 3s +0%
polyt0_pack 3s 3s +0%
polyvec_matrix_expand_serial 3s 2s +50%
polyveck_ntt 3s 1s +200%
polyvecl_pack_eta 3s 2s +50%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1 3s 3s +0%
polyw1_pack_88 3s 2s +50%
polyz_unpack 3s 4s -25%
polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64 3s 2s +50%
power2round 3s 3s +0%
rej_eta 3s 3s +0%
rej_eta_c 3s 4s -25%
rej_eta_native 3s 4s -25%
shake128_init 3s 3s +0%
shake128x4_squeezeblocks 3s 2s +50%
shake256 3s 3s +0%
shake256_absorb 3s 2s +50%
shake256_finalize 3s 2s +50%
shake256_release 3s 2s +50%
shake256x4_absorb_once 3s 2s +50%
sign_signature_pre_hash_internal 3s 5s -40%
sign_verify_extmu 3s 5s -40%
sk_s1hat_get_poly 3s 1s +200%
unpack_sk_s2hat 3s 2s +50%
unpack_sk_t0hat 3s 4s -25%
yvec_init 3s 3s +0%
fqscale 2s 3s -33%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid 2s 4s -50%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid 2s 1s +100%
keccak_finalize 2s 1s +100%
keccak_init 2s 2s +0%
keccak_squeezeblocks_x4 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian) 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes 2s 2s +0%
make_hint 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_abs_i32 2s 4s -50%
mld_ct_memcmp 2s 4s -50%
mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix 2s 3s -33%
mld_value_barrier_i64 2s 2s +0%
ntt_native_x86_64 2s 2s +0%
nttunpack_native_x86_64 2s 2s +0%
pack_sig_c 2s 3s -33%
pack_sk_s1 2s 4s -50%
poly_chknorm_native_aarch64 2s 5s -60%
poly_invntt_tomont 2s 4s -50%
poly_ntt 2s 7s -71%
poly_shiftl 2s 2s +0%
poly_use_hint_c 2s 2s +0%
poly_use_hint_native 2s 2s +0%
polyveck_pack_eta 2s 2s +0%
polyveck_pack_w1 2s 3s -33%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery 2s 3s -33%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c 2s 2s +0%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial 2s 2s +0%
polyvecl_unpack_eta 2s 2s +0%
polyvecl_unpack_z 2s 4s -50%
polyw1_pack 2s 4s -50%
reduce32 2s 4s -50%
shake128x4_absorb_once 2s 6s -67%
shake256_init 2s 4s -50%
shake256_squeeze 2s 2s +0%
shake256x4_squeezeblocks 2s 3s -33%
sig_unpack_hints 2s 3s -33%
sign_signature 2s 3s -33%
sign_signature_extmu 2s 7s -71%
sk_s2hat_get_poly 2s 2s +0%
sk_t0hat_get_poly 2s 2s +0%
unpack_pk_t1 2s 2s +0%
unpack_sk 2s 4s -50%
unpack_sk_s1hat 2s 3s -33%
caddq 1s 5s -80%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes 1s 4s -75%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native 1s 3s -67%
mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32 1s 3s -67%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64 1s 3s -67%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8 1s 2s -50%
mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c 1s 3s -67%
montgomery_reduce 1s 5s -80%
pack_sig_h 1s 6s -83%
poly_uniform_gamma1_4x 1s 4s -75%
polyeta_pack 1s 4s -75%
polyvec_matrix_expand 1s 4s -75%
polyz_unpack_native 1s 1s +0%
yvec_get_poly 1s 2s -50%

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-87, REDUCE-RAM)

Full Results (206 proofs)
Proof Status Current Previous Change
**TOTAL** 1438s 1495s -3.8%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec 189s 197s -4%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_c 121s 132s -8%
mld_invntt_layer 107s 113s -5%
sign_verify_internal 47s 47s +0%
mld_ntt_layer 43s 45s -4%
fqmul 40s 43s -7%
polyvecl_chknorm 35s 38s -8%
mld_attempt_signature_generation 26s 34s -24%
keccakf1600x4_permute_native 22s 24s -8%
mld_ntt_butterfly_block 22s 22s +0%
poly_ntt_c 21s 22s -5%
mld_check_pct 16s 14s +14%
rej_uniform_c 16s 17s -6%
poly_uniform_eta_4x 15s 13s +15%
compute_pack_t0_t1 13s 11s +18%
polyeta_unpack 13s 16s -19%
polyt0_unpack 13s 13s +0%
poly_chknorm_c 12s 13s -8%
polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row 11s 14s -21%
polyveck_caddq 11s 8s +38%
polyveck_decompose 11s 13s -15%
poly_invntt_tomont_c 10s 14s -29%
polyz_unpack_c 10s 9s +11%
rej_uniform 10s 8s +25%
keccak_absorb_once_x4 9s 10s -10%
mld_keccakf1600_permute_c 9s 7s +29%
polyveck_chknorm 9s 10s -10%
pointwise_acc_native_x86_64 8s 8s +0%
polyveck_reduce 8s 9s -11%
mld_sign_attempt 7s - new
polyvecl_ntt 7s 11s -36%
sign_signature_internal 7s 5s +40%
mld_polymat_expand_entry 6s 2s +200%
mld_sample_s1_s2 6s 5s +20%
pointwise_acc_native_aarch64 6s 6s +0%
poly_add 6s 6s +0%
poly_decompose_c 6s 6s +0%
polyveck_invntt_tomont 6s 7s -14%
polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64 6s 2s +200%
rej_eta_native 6s 5s +20%
sign_keypair_internal 6s 3s +100%
sign_pk_from_sk 6s 6s +0%
intt_native_aarch64 5s 4s +25%
mld_compute_pack_z 5s 5s +0%
mld_h 5s 6s -17%
mld_sample_s1_s2_serial 5s 5s +0%
ntt_native_aarch64 5s 3s +67%
pack_sig_c 5s 3s +67%
poly_invntt_tomont_native 5s 5s +0%
poly_shiftl 5s 2s +150%
polyeta_pack 5s 3s +67%
polyveck_unpack_eta 5s 3s +67%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c 5s 2s +150%
polyw1_pack_32 5s 1s +400%
rej_uniform_eta_native_aarch64 5s 3s +67%
sign_signature 5s 5s +0%
sign_signature_pre_hash_internal 5s 2s +150%
sign_verify_pre_hash_internal 5s 5s +0%
fqscale 4s 1s +300%
keccak_absorb 4s 4s +0%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64 4s 3s +33%
keccak_squeeze 4s 3s +33%
make_hint 4s 1s +300%
mld_ct_abs_i32 4s 2s +100%
mld_ct_sel_int32 4s 3s +33%
mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix 4s 2s +100%
mld_sign_resume 4s - new
montgomery_reduce 4s 6s -33%
pack_sk_s1 4s 2s +100%
pointwise_native_x86_64 4s 4s +0%
poly_chknorm 4s 2s +100%
poly_invntt_tomont 4s 2s +100%
poly_power2round 4s 3s +33%
poly_uniform 4s 4s +0%
poly_use_hint 4s 3s +33%
poly_use_hint_native 4s 1s +300%
polyvec_matrix_expand 4s 3s +33%
power2round 4s 3s +33%
shake128_release 4s 2s +100%
shake256_squeeze 4s 2s +100%
sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256 4s 2s +100%
sign_verify 4s 6s -33%
sk_t0hat_get_poly 4s 3s +33%
unpack_sk_s2hat 4s 3s +33%
unpack_sk_t0hat 4s 4s +0%
yvec_init 4s 3s +33%
keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a 3s 3s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a 3s 3s +0%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2 3s 4s -25%
keccak_init 3s 2s +50%
keccak_squeezeblocks_x4 3s 5s -40%
keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian) 3s 2s +50%
keccakf1600_permute 3s 2s +50%
keccakf1600x4_permute 3s 4s -25%
mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32 3s 3s +0%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32 3s 1s +200%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64 3s 2s +50%
mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c 3s 3s +0%
mld_sign_finish 3s - new
mld_value_barrier_i64 3s 2s +50%
ntt_native_x86_64 3s 3s +0%
nttunpack_native_x86_64 3s 4s -25%
pack_sig_h 3s 4s -25%
pointwise_native_aarch64 3s 3s +0%
poly_caddq_c 3s 4s -25%
poly_caddq_native 3s 3s +0%
poly_caddq_native_aarch64 3s 5s -40%
poly_caddq_native_x86_64 3s 4s -25%
poly_challenge 3s 5s -40%
poly_chknorm_native_aarch64 3s 1s +200%
poly_chknorm_native_x86_64 3s 5s -40%
poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64 3s 2s +50%
poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64 3s 4s -25%
poly_decompose_native 3s 3s +0%
poly_ntt 3s 3s +0%
poly_ntt_native 3s 1s +200%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional 3s 4s -25%
poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native 3s 4s -25%
poly_reduce 3s 5s -40%
poly_uniform_gamma1 3s 2s +50%
poly_uniform_gamma1_4x 3s 3s +0%
poly_use_hint_c 3s 3s +0%
poly_use_hint_native_aarch64 3s 3s +0%
polyt1_pack 3s 3s +0%
polyt1_unpack 3s 3s +0%
polyveck_pack_w1 3s 2s +50%
polyvecl_pack_eta 3s 1s +200%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native 3s 3s +0%
polyw1_pack_88 3s 2s +50%
polyz_unpack 3s 2s +50%
polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64 3s 2s +50%
polyz_unpack_native_x86_64 3s 2s +50%
reduce32 3s 2s +50%
rej_eta_c 3s 3s +0%
rej_uniform_native_aarch64 3s 5s -40%
shake128_absorb 3s 5s -40%
shake128x4_absorb_once 3s 2s +50%
shake128x4_squeezeblocks 3s 2s +50%
shake256_absorb 3s 2s +50%
shake256_finalize 3s 3s +0%
shake256x4_absorb_once 3s 2s +50%
sign_keypair 3s 7s -57%
sign_signature_extmu 3s 3s +0%
sign_verify_extmu 3s 3s +0%
sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256 3s 4s -25%
sys_check_capability 3s 3s +0%
caddq 2s 5s -60%
decompose 2s 4s -50%
intt_native_x86_64 2s 2s +0%
keccak_finalize 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600_permute_native 2s 6s -67%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian) 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native 2s 3s -33%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes 2s 2s +0%
keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native 2s 2s +0%
mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8 2s 3s -33%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32 2s 1s +100%
mld_ct_memcmp 2s 4s -50%
mld_value_barrier_u32 2s 3s -33%
mld_value_barrier_u8 2s 1s +100%
pack_sig_z 2s 2s +0%
pack_sk_rho_key_tr_s2 2s 3s -33%
poly_caddq 2s 2s +0%
poly_chknorm_native 2s 3s -33%
poly_decompose 2s 4s -50%
poly_pointwise_montgomery 2s 5s -60%
poly_pointwise_montgomery_native 2s 4s -50%
poly_sub 2s 3s -33%
poly_uniform_4x 2s 2s +0%
poly_uniform_eta 2s 6s -67%
polyt0_pack 2s 4s -50%
polyvec_matrix_expand_serial 2s 2s +0%
polyveck_ntt 2s 2s +0%
polyveck_pack_eta 2s 5s -60%
polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery 2s 3s -33%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1 2s 3s -33%
polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial 2s 4s -50%
polyvecl_unpack_eta 2s 7s -71%
polyw1_pack 2s 4s -50%
polyz_pack 2s 2s +0%
polyz_unpack_native 2s 2s +0%
rej_eta 2s 2s +0%
rej_uniform_native 2s 4s -50%
shake128_squeeze 2s 3s -33%
shake256_init 2s 2s +0%
shake256_release 2s 2s +0%
shake256x4_squeezeblocks 2s 5s -60%
sig_unpack_hints 2s 3s -33%
sk_s2hat_get_poly 2s 5s -60%
unpack_sk 2s 4s -50%
use_hint 2s 2s +0%
yvec_get_poly 2s 4s -50%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid 1s 2s -50%
keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid 1s 2s -50%
mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8 1s 3s -67%
mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes 1s 4s -75%
mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c 1s 4s -75%
polyvecl_unpack_z 1s 4s -75%
shake128_finalize 1s 2s -50%
shake128_init 1s 4s -75%
shake256 1s 6s -83%
sk_s1hat_get_poly 1s 3s -67%
unpack_pk_t1 1s 3s -67%
unpack_sk_s1hat 1s 3s -67%

@hanno-becker hanno-becker force-pushed the sign_hooks branch 7 times, most recently from b933a9c to b2ef39d Compare June 29, 2026 10:07
The runtime of ML-DSA signatures is theoretically unbounded. Even the
bound of max 814 signature attempts -- approved by NIST as lowering the
chance of signing failure below 2^{-256} -- leaves a performance distribution
whose peak percentiles can be unacceptable for constrained systems with
strict timing requirements.

As a remedy, the library already provides a configuration option
MLD_CONFIG_MAX_SIGNING_ATTEMPTS to limit the number of signing attempts.
However, FIPS 204 explicitly forbids lowering the number of signing attempts
below 814, rendering the use of this option in constrained environments
non-compliant.

As a remedy, this commit introduces a facility for _restartable signing_:
In addition to using MLD_CONFIG_MAX_SIGNING_ATTEMPTS, the user can provide
a custom hook for remembering the last signing attempt, and continuing the
next signing call at that point.

More specifically, the idea is to introduce three 'signing hooks'
into the core signature routine:
- `nonce = sign_resume()`: Return the nonce corresponding to the next
  signing attempt. `0` for an initial / non-restartable signing
  operation.
- `sign_attempt(nonce)`: Note the nonce for the next signing attempt.
- `sign_finish(nonce)`: Note the nonce for which signing succeeded.

Here, only `sign_resume()` affects the signing process functionally,
while `sign_attempt()` and `sign_finish()` are passive logging operations.

This approach to restartable signing only works if the consumer works
directly with the internal signing API. If they use the randomized API,
a fresh seed would be chosen even on supposedly restarted signing operations,
leading to non-compliant signatures. The use of a `sign_resume()` hook
is therefore only safe with MLD_CONFIG_NO_RANDOMIZED_API.

In contrast, `sign_attempt` and `sign_finish` are passive, and can safely
be used on their own with any configuration. Indeed, these hooks serve
other uses outside of restartable signing:
- sign_attempt can be used to get finer-grained benchmarks for individual
  signing attempts
- sign_finish can be used to log the number of signing attempts, which
  can be useful again for benchmarking, or for checking the expected
  distribution of signing attempts.

Finally, sign_{resume|attempt|finish} can all be implemented based on
mutable globals, or based on a context. It therefore makes sense to
introduce them under the existing MLD_CONFIG_CONTEXT_PARAMETER
wrapper, which allows functions to be called with or without an
application-specific context pointer.

Taking all these considerations together, here's what the commit changes:

- Add independent MLD_CONFIG_SIGN_HOOK_{RESUME|FINISH|ATTEMPT} configuration
  options for registering signing hooks as above. When set, the user provides
  the following functions, respectively:

  - `nonce = mld_sign_resume([ctx])`: Provide initial or resuming nonce
  - `mld_sign_attempt(nonce [, ctx])`: Log/remember nonce for next attempt
  - `mld_sign_finish(nonce [, ctx])`: Log/remember nonce for successful attempt

- The option can be used with or without MLD_CONFIG_CONTEXT_PARAMETER. If the
  latter is set, the user-provided context will be passed to `mld_sign_xxx`
  as the last argument.

- An example is added illustrating the use of the hooks to implement restartable
  signing.

Note: A consumer might want to use restartable signing with randomized APIs.
This is not natively supported. However, it is expected to be easily implementable
since the components required to build randomized signing from deterministic
signing are all public. Note that resuming additionally requires the consumer
to hold the signing randomness `rnd` fixed across the resumed calls.

Signed-off-by: Hanno Becker <beckphan@amazon.co.uk>
@hanno-becker hanno-becker changed the title [WIP] Add signing hooks for observing signature attempts and implementing restartable signing Add signing hooks for observing signature attempts and implementing restartable signing Jun 29, 2026
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